Alternative performance measures in the management system

In order to set and achieve our strategic goals more effectively, we are pursuing a Group-wide value management approach. Ultimately, specific performance indicators are required to measure success. The basis for this is a reliable and understandable performance management system. The following information provides an overview of our key financial performance indicators.

Proftability

In order to underline the importance of the successful long-term development of our Group, we have incorporated sustainable growth in enterprise value into our medium-term aims and implemented it as a separate (key performance indicator) KPI for the entire Group. Return on capital employed (ROCE) is our central performance indicator. ROCE is the ratio of operating result after depreciation, amortization and impairment losses plus imputed taxes (net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)) to the average value of the assets tied up for this purpose in the course of the year (net operating assets, NOA).

ROCE is the performance indicator that helps us to embed our aim of sustainably increasing the value of our Group across all operational activities. Additional value accrues when the return on capital employed exceeds the cost of capital. Our goal, therefore, is to achieve or exceed the return targets imposed on us by providers of debt capital and equity on the basis of capital market requirements. We measure return targets using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
 

^aAdjusted for investments accounted for using the equity method.

NOPAT is an earnings indicator derived from the income statement. As it does not take costs of capital into account, it also includes the interest component of unrecognized rental and lease obligations.

NOA include all assets that make a direct contribution to revenue generation. These include all elements on the asset side of the consolidated statement of financial position that are essential to the rendering of services. Operating working capital is calculated from trade and other receivables, inventories, trade and other payables, as well as additional current and non-current assets and liabilities selected in line with internal steering logic. NOA also include rental and operating lease obligations recognized by the lessor/lease provider where required for operations. The figure for other provisions is deducted as no return target exists for this. 

We believe that ROCE best reflects the expectations of the four aforementioned stakeholders. The indicator measures how efficiently we generate revenues with the capital employed. ROCE is especially informative when taking a long-term view, because it takes into account both the immense value of the assets that are tied up in our capital-intensive infrastructure, and their utilization. This reveals the crucial advantage of this KPI. It does not focus on the absolute amount of the earnings generated, but rather how much earnings the capital employed generates. ROCE has given us a holistic perspective from which to consider our investments with fresh insight. 

Revenue and earnings

Revenue corresponds to the value of our operating activities. Absolute revenue depends on how well we are able to sell our products and services on the market. The development of our revenue is an essential indicator for measuring the Company's success. New products and services as well as additional sales activities are only successful if they increase revenue.

EBITDA corresponds to EBIT (profit/loss from operations) before depreciation, amortization and impairment losses. EBIT and EBITDA measure the short-term operational performance and the success of individual business areas. We also use the EBIT and EBITDA margins to show how these indicators develop in relation to revenue. This makes it possible to compare the earnings performance of profit-oriented units of different sizes. Taking unadjusted EBITDA/EBIT as performance indicators means special factors are also taken into account. This promotes a holistic view of our costs. However, special factors have an impact on the presentation of operations, making it more difficult to compare performance indicators with corresponding figures for prior periods. For this reason, we additionally adjust our performance indicators to provide transparency. Without this adjustment, statements about the future development of earnings are only possible to a limited extent. The adjusted values are calculated on the basis of the unadjusted performance indicators. For the reconciliation of EBITDA, EBIT, and net profit/loss to the respective figures adjusted for special factors, please refer to a table in Combined Management Report.

Financial flexibility

We define free cash flow as net cash from operating activities less net cash outflows for investments in intangible assets (excluding goodwill) and property, plant and equipment. This indicator is the main yardstick for providers of debt capital and equity. It measures the potential for further developing our Company, e.g., for generating organic growth and the ability to pay dividends and repay debt.

Central free cash flow management is responsible for transparency, steering, forecasts, and performance measurement in relation to free cash flow and especially in relation to working capital. As part of our measures to optimize working capital over the long term, in the reporting year the focus was on further extending the period of payment for our payables in Germany and Europe, evaluating inventories management in Germany and Europe, and further optimizing receivables management in all our operating segments; this also involved factoring measures. We plan to continue down this route in the coming years by focusing on the following areas: extending the period of payment for payables and improving receivables and inventories management in the United States, Germany, and Europe.

Cash capex (before spectrum investment) relates to cash outflows for investments in intangible assets (excluding goodwill) and property, plant and equipment, which are relevant for cash outflows as a component of free cash flow.